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바꿀 '서희' 여러분의 많은 참여 바랍니다.
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The Three Kingdoms Period (57 B.C. - A.D. 676)
Goguryeo Kingdom(37 B.C. - A.D. 668), Baekje Kingdom(18 B.C. - A.D. 660) ,
Silla Kingdom(57 B.C. - A.D. 676)
3. The Societies and Cultures
of the Three Kingdoms |
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(1) Societies and
Economies of the Three Kingdoms |
In the Three Kingdoms, class
distinctions between the aristocracy,
commoners and menials were very
rigid. The central aristocrats
and royal families were in charge
of the government, economy,
and culture, and exercised many
privileges. The commoners were
mostly self-sustaining farmers
who cultivated their own lands
and paid taxes to the government.
The menials were slaves and
villagers in Pugok who composed
the lowest stratum in society.
The ruling classes were the
families of the kings and queens.
In Koguryo the Ko clan of Kyerubu
became the royal family, and
in Paekche the Puyo clan was
the royal family. In early Shilla
the three clans of Pak, Sok
and Kim alternated in succeeding
the throne, but after King Naemul,
the Kims inherited the throne.
In Shilla there was a strict
system of personal status called
Kolp'um which was distinguished
into Songgol, Chin'gol (royal
family) and 6,5,4,-tup'ums (classes
of aristocrats). Among them
many aristocrats of the 6-tup'um
chiefly engaged in scholarly
pursuits and religion.
In Shilla, there was the Hwabaek
system in which representative
aristocrats gathered to determine
important affairs of the state
unanimously. There was also
a youth organization called
Hwarang-do (Flower Youths) which
trained many capable men who,
following the five secular commandments
of Won'gwang, received mental
and physical training and had
loyalty to the state inculcated
in them. The Three Kingdoms
developed as ancient kingdoms
readjusting their political
organizations. In Koguryo, there
were 12 classes of bureaucrats
below Taedaero and in Paekche
there were 16 classes below
Chwap'yong.
In Shilla, there were 17 classes
of bureaucrats below Ibolch'an.
Advancement to officialdom was
strictly restricted to those
of Kolp'um status, and the political
activities of the Three Kingdoms
were carried out through the
unified efforts of the aristocrats.
Taedaero in Koguryo and Sangdaedung
in Shilla (equivalent to premier)
were chosen at meetings of aristocrats.
In the Three Kingdoms, agriculture
developed as the most important
industry. In Paekche and Shilla,
irrigation facilities expanded
with rice farming. In Koguryo,
millet, soybeans and other dry
farm crops were the chief crops.
In addition, handicrafts were
also developed. In the Three
Kingdoms, the practice of usury
boomed, and many commoners were
driven to become slaves as a
result of heavy debt. In Koguryo,
the government practiced Chindae-pop,
a law of loaning grain in the
spring and being repaid in the
autumn, to prevent impoverished
peasants from turning into the
slaves of aristocrats.
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Hwarang
training
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(2) Transmission
and Development of Buddhism |
While the Three Kingdoms developed
as ancient kingdoms, they required
a new religion for spiritual
unity of their people. Just
at this period, Buddhism, which
began in India, was introduced
into the Three Kingdoms through
China. In Koguryo, during the
reign of King Sosurim, Shundao
from Former Qin in northern
China introduced Buddhism in
372. In the kingdom of Paekche,
an Indian monk named Marananta
arrived by sea through Dong-Jin
China to introduce Buddhism
in 384. Buddhism was first introduced
to Shilla in 384 by Mukhoja,
a priest from Koguryo, but it
was subjected to oppression.
After a hundred years, following
the martydom of a famous monk
named Yi Ch'a-don, King Pophung
officially recognized Buddhism
in 527.
Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms
flourished with the support
of the royal family and the
aristocrats. In this way, Buddhism
became the state religion, which
contributed to the national
defense. This was especially
true in Shilla where Buddhism
was combined with the development
of the royal family to play
a leading role as the national
ideology. Taoism was also introduced
to the Three Kingdoms. In the
Sasindo drawn on the old tomb
of Koguryo and in the Sangyong
Munjon of Paekche, traces of
Taoism can be found.
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(3) Popularization
of Confucianism and the Compilation
of History |
Upon entering the
period of the Three
Kingdoms, Chinese
characters began
to be widely used,
and Confucianism
and Chinese literature
began to rise in
popularity. In addition,
the writing system
of Idu was used
in which Korean
words were recorded
by selecting the
corresponding meaning
and sounds in Chinese
characters. Shilla's
Sol Ch'ong designed
this system Idu.
In Koguryo, a school
called T'aehak was
established in P'yong'yang
to teach Confucianism,
and schools called
Kyongdang were set
up in many districts
to teach Chinese
characters and military
arts to the youth.
In Paekche, the
Ogyong scholars
taught the Confucian
classics to students.
All three kingdoms
tried to compile
their own histories.
In Koguryo, 100
volumes of Yugi
were compiled and
under the reign
of King Yongyang,
Yi Mun-jin compiled
them into five concise
volumes. Ko Hung
of Paekche compiled
Sogi during the
reign of Kunch'ogo,
and Koch'ilbu of
Shilla compiled
Kuksa, a record
of the national
history under the
reign of King Chinhung.
But the history
books compiled during
the Three Kingdoms
period have not
survived to today.
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Image
of Buddhas
etched
into
a stone
wall.
Ch'ilbulsa
Temple
on Mt.Namsan
in Kyongju
city.
Designated
Treasure
No.
200.
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(4)
Art Activities of
the Three Kingdoms |
With
an aristocrat-centered
culture
rising,
refined
and
colorful
aristocratic
art
developed,
and
simple
traditional
artwork
remained
among
the
people.
The
arts
of the
Three
Kingdoms
developed
in two
fields-old
tomb
art
and
Buddhist
art.
Physical
strength
and
passion
overflowed
in the
Koguryo
art
work
while
elegant
and
refined
beauty
was
characteristic
of Paekche
art
objects,
and
Shilla
art
objects
gradually
displayed
a beauty
of harmony.
The
famous
old
tombs
of Koguryo
are
Changgun-ch'ong
(Tomb
of the
Generals),
Muyong-ch'ong
(Tomb
of the
Dancers
and
Hunters),
Ssangyong-ch'ong
(The
Double
Pillar
Tombs)
and
the
Kangso-daemyo
(The
Great
Tombs).
Among
them,
the
Changgun-ch'ong
is believed
to be
the
tomb
of King
Kwanggaet'o.
It is
a big
stone
tomb
with
steps
of seven-stories.
The
hunters
and
dancers
drawn
in the
Muyong-ch'ong,
pictures
of warriors
and
their
genre
painted
in the
Ssangyong-ch'ong,
and
the
pictures
of 4
guardian
spirits
as embodied
by different
animals
in the
Kangso
Big
Tombs
are
all
brilliant
frescos
which
represent
the
ambitious
spirit
and
customs
of the
Koguryo
people
at that
time.
Paekche's
old
tombs
possess
a powerful
beauty
in their
architecture
and
frescos.
The
tomb
of King
Munyong
is famous
for
the
many
burial
accessories
and
the
slate
inscribed
with
the
record
of the
deceased.
Gold
crowns
and
beautiful
art
works
have
been
excavated
from
the
old
tombs
of Shilla
and
the
picture
of a
heavenly
horse
which
represents
Shilla's
emblem
has
been
found
in the
Ch'onmach'ong.
Among
the
stone
pagodas
of Paekche,
the
pagoda
located
on the
site
of Maitreya
Temple
in Iksan
and
the
five-story
stone
pagoda
on the
site
of Chongnimsa
Temple
in Puyo
are
the
most
renowned.
In particular,
the
five-story
pagoda
on the
site
of Chongnimsa
Temple,
which
is representative
of Paekche
art,
is well
balanced
and
is a
beautifully
executed
masterpiece.
The
most
distinct
stone
constructions
of Shilla
are
the
pagodas
in Punhwangsa
Temple
and
the
Ch'omsongdae
observatory.
Remarkable
Buddha
figures
include
the
gold-plated
figure
of Buddha
sitting
with
his
legs
half-crossed
and
Sosan's
Three
Buddhas
of Ma'e.
The
former
expressed
elegance
(frequently
produced
in each
of the
Three
Kingdoms),
and
the
latter
represents
the
typical
features
of Buddhist
images
present
in Paekche.
It shows
a thin
mild
smile
on its
face
called
"Paekche's
smile."
From
ancient
times
the
Korean
people
have
loved
songs
and
dances.
Among
the
songs
of the
Three
Kingdoms,
Hyesongga,
a Hyangga
(folk
song)
of Shilla,
remains.
Wang
San-ak
of Koguryo
improved
the
seven-string
instrument
of China,
Ch'ilhyongum,
into
Komungo
and
U Ruk
of Kaya
introduced
the
Kayagum
to Shilla.
Paekche
music
was
introduced
to Japan
and
influenced
the
development
of Japanese
music.
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5-story
stone
pagpda
at
Chongnimsa
Temple.
7th
century. |
Ch'omsongdae
in
Kyongju. |
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Image
og
three
Buddhas
etched
into
a
stone
wall.
Sosan.
South
Ch'ungchong
province.
Designated
National
Treasure
No.
84. |
The
brick
tomb
og
King
Munyong(501-523) |
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자료 제공: Radio
Korea International Korean Broadcasting System |
전세계에 사라지고 있는 한국의 고구려
역사를 시정하고 바로 알릴수 있는 주인공은 대통령이나
외교관
그리고 유명인사가 아니라, 손끝으로 한국의 고구려 영문자료를
수집하여 해외로 보내는 우리 모두입니다.
여러분의 노력으로 보다 많은 외국인들이 한국에 대한 바른
정보를 접하게 될것입니다
외국 교과서 출판물, 해외 인터넷
사이트에서 사라진 고구려 역사를 제보하고자 하는 분은
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센타 로 연락해주세요
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